Autism Spectrum Disorder Research Paper - 1651 Words

Autism Spectrum Disorder Research Paper What is Autism Spectrum Disorder? Autism is a mental condition, present from early childhood, characterized by difficulty in communicating and forming relationships with other people and in using language and abstract concepts. Autism does not only play a role at home, but it is also important at school. Teachers have to know how to deal with students with autism, and know how to teach them. Research shows us that in order for a teacher to teach a student to with autism they have to be informed. With that being said teachers, parents, and others working with children should know about Autism Spectrum Disorder. There are many different articles that can explain what autism is, why it is important, and how teachers and students are affected by this in schools. They also give different ways a teacher or parent can deal with a child with autism. A Guide to Symptoms and Diagnosis on the Autism Spectrum is an article that talks about the different types of autism, the signs and symptoms of autism and getting it diagnosed. Autism is a serious disorder and should not be taken lightly. It is important to understand some facts about autism. Autism is not a single disorder, but a spectrum of closely-related disorders with a shared core of symptoms. This means that to some degree, everyone with autism has problems with social skills, communication, flexibility behavior, and empathy (Smith, Melinda). All though this is true the symptoms areShow MoreRelatedEssay about Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Theories of Vygotsky1423 Words   |  6 PagesABSTRACT Research over the past decade has acknowledged the impacts of characteristics and life-functioning for individuals on the autism spectrum. Models of support or interventions strategies have been researched but little, or limited practical or resourced models appeared as accessible for families of older youth. The intention of this research paper was to investigate a specific activity group for youth on the autism spectrum. The group runs concurrently with a parent group and is fundedRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorders Essay1734 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will discuss the characteristics or Autism Spectrum Disorder, including its symptoms, treatments, and possible causes. This paper will also highlight the differences between Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD) and Asperger Disorder(AD). Autism spectrum disorders effect one in 110 births in the United States. Autism spectrum disorders are severe, incurable developmental disorders whose symptoms, including impairments in social interaction and communication, emerge during the first two years ofRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism1492 Words   |  6 Pageslife there are several different disorders that have been well known from many years ago. There is one disorder that was diagnosed in the early 1800’s but it wasn’t un til a few years ago that it gained lots of attention. What used to be known as Autism was later renamed in the DSM to Autism Spectrum Disorder meaning, a neurodevelopmental disorder rather than a pervasive developmental disorder (Gargiulo, 2015). Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder characterized by abnormal or impairedRead MorePrevalence Of Depression And Autism Spectrum Disorder1334 Words   |  6 PagesFunctioning Autism Spectrum Disorder Kelvin Davis PSY 1022 Monday, October 14, 2013 Wednesday 8:00 am Word Countâ€Æ' Abstract Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are quite vulnerable to anxiety and depression, especially in late adolescence and early adult life (Tantum Prestwood, 1999). In accordance with a study sampling children between 7 and 13 years of age (Vickerstaff, Heriot, Wong, Lopes Dossetor, 2006), it is hypothesized that adolescents on the autism spectrum withRead MoreThe Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, places autism in a more1000 Words   |  4 Pages The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, places autism in a more extensive diagnostic bracket called autism spectrum disorder. This encompasses a range of autism-related disorders that vary in severity. It is one of the most severe, chronic, behavioral disorders of childhood. Swiss psychiatrist Eugene Bleuler referred to autistic disorder as an unusual way of thinking among people with schizophrenia. A more in-depth explanation of autistic thinking is the prop ensityRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )885 Words   |  4 PagesBACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a condition that affects a group of complex disorders of brain development. Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interactions, social communication and an unusually restricted range of behaviors and interest (David R. Simmons, 2009). It seems that autism is a new condition because most of research about this condition has occurred since the 1980. However, Autism has been around for a much longer time than that, peopleRead MoreThe Etiology Of Parental Psychiatric Conditions Of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders883 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to synthesize and analyze journal articles related to the etiology of parental psychiatric conditions of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and the development of psychiatric conditions after diagnosis; and how the two are interrelated and cyclical. Parents of children with ASD encounter a variety of unexpected- emotional, physiological, and financial challenges in their lifetime. Parents of children with autism spectrum disorders often have â€Å"elevated levelsRead MoreHow Has The Alteration Of Autism Affected Parents Since The 1930 S?1182 Words   |  5 PagesHow has the alteration of autism affected parents since the 1930’s? There has been a significant amount of progress in defining the rights of special education for students over the years. Special education assists students who require guidance as he or she is attempting to learn within a public education environment. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 1 in 68 children are identified with autism, which is also known as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (â€Å"Facts about ASD†)Read MoreEpigenetics And Autistic Spectrum Disorder1078 Words   |  5 Pages Epigenetics and Autistic Spectrum Disorder Jowan Jones Old Dominion University â€Æ' Abstract This paper plans to focus on autism spectrum disorder and how epigenetics contributes to the development of the disease. ASD is comorbid with other neurodevelopmental diseases including Rett Syndrome, Fragile X, Prader-Willi, and Angelman. These diseases have frequent, identifiable symptoms such as coloboma of the eye, heart defects, atresia of the nasal choanae, retardation of growth and or developmentRead More Autism Spectrum Disorders Essay1723 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract— This paper discusses the potential of using technologies in the diagnosis, study and intervention treatments of autism. The first part of paper introduces background information on autism spectrum disorder. The second part deals with review of literature survey. The third part summarizes our proposed research work on the connected topic. The fourth part concludes our work as whole. Keywords— autism, discrete trail training, applied behaviour analysis, voice output communication aids

The Human Cost Of An Illiterate Society By Johnathan Kozol...

Taking things for granted is a very common practice in society, the ability to appreciate the smaller things in life is a trait not commonly found in many. Be it having the ability to attend a university, or having the proper use of all of one’s limbs, many don’t fully understand and appreciate the gifts they have. In his work, The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society, Johnathan Kozol relates this idea to the importance of literacy, and the implications and struggles that are imposed on society and those who lack it. Instead of diving straight into a depiction of the hellish existence that is an illiterate lifestyle, Kozol quotes Founding Father James Madison, saying that â€Å"A people who mean to be their own governors†¦ must arm themselves with the power knowledge gives. A popular government without popular information or the means of acquiring it, is but a prologue to a farce or a tragedy, or perhaps both† (Madison 114). A country under the rule by the pe ople who can’t go as far to even rule the information presented to themselves seems much more Anarchic than Democratic. By quoting James Madison, Kozol presents his idea that education in the written word is integral to the foundations of a prosperous and free society, and that this was even recognized by the Founding Fathers. Following his assertion that literacy is key to an effective Democracy wherein policy and leaders are elected by an educated populace, Kozol gives a depiction of a Democracy wherein herd mentality isShow MoreRelatedThe Human Cost Of An Illiterate Society1048 Words   |  5 PagesAre illiterates just people who exist? Do they just walk around aimlessly, never knowing what to do? â€Å"Illiterates live, in more than literal ways, an uninsured existence,† says Jonathan Kozol. In Kozol’s article, â€Å"The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society,† he intensely describes how illiteracy can impact both the illiterate and those surrounding hi m. There is a tragic human cost for an illiterate society. If people are unable to read, then what can they do? In this case, the least taken-for-granted

F&N Manufacturing - Supply Chain Sustainability

Question: Describe about the Flexible Procurement Systems of Supply Chain Sustainability. Answer: Introduction FN Pte Limited has established itself in manufacturing, marketing, and distribution of products in Singapore and other parts of the world. The company deals in fruit juices, canned/ pasteurized milk and ice-creams ("Fraser and Neave, Limited", 2016). Earlier the company was known as the Asia Dairies Pte Limited. It got its name as FN Pte Limited in the year 1999 ("Fraser and Neave, Limited", 2016). The company is headquartered in Singapore and was founded in 1883. The company is listed on the stock exchange of Singapore. The company encourages creative thinking and readily accepts changes. In order to maintain market leadership, the company comes up with innovative ideas and products. The company values its customers and strives for customer loyalty ("Fraser and Neave, Limited", 2016). Purpose Of The Report The purpose of this report is to analyze the effectiveness of four key flows in the supply chain for FN Pte Limited and recommend improvements in supply chain management. The report also analyzes how production planning is done at FN Pte Limited. An organization relies on supply chain management for cost optimization. Forecasting future demands is a challenge, thus companies add extra inventory to safeguard their interest against inaccurate forecasts (Van Belle, 2015). SCM (Supply Chain Management) takes the material, finances, and information into consideration as they move from the supplier to the end customer and vise-a-versa through various touch-points (Bag, 2016). Key Flows In Supply Chain The flows involved in Supply Chain Management are discussed below: The flow of products Inventory includes raw materials, products whose work is in progress and finished goods that are ready to be sold. Companies try to optimize the production of goods and deployment of inventory on the basis of demand forecasting. It takes into consideration the movement of goods from the supplier of raw materials to the end customer and return of goods from customer to supplier. The supplier provides the raw materials to the manufacturer. The finished goods move from the manufacturer to the distributor. The products move from the distributor to the retailer and then to the end customer. This also includes service needs of the customers (Kashmanian, 2015). The flow of information It takes into consideration the purchase order for goods, schedules for manufacturing and dispatch, complaints regarding quality, inventory reports, reports regarding performance, invoices for goods, etc. (Kudowicz et al., 2013). For large companies, distributors, retailers, dealers, wholesalers are also involved in the flow of information. Flow of information plays a vital role in maintaining relationships with suppliers and external customers and improve the overall efficiency of the production. Effective flow of information can help in anticipating the future needs based on what if modelling techniques, tracking the progress of various operations, planning replenishment of materials, fostering collaboration etc. The organization makes use of applications that are integrated with warehouse management system and demand forecasting system. Portals have been designed to exchange information with business partners on real time basis. The company uses internet to share information with the shareholders and stockholders. The company also makes use of EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) documents where the documents like purchase orders, shipping status documents, payment documents and invoices flow directly to the appropriate application and the processing begins without human intervention. The company has developed its websi te where information is shared with the public regarding the product portfolio, geographical presence of the company, terms conditions, policies regarding return of goods, updates on Research and Developments etc. Emails are used for internal communications within the company and for communicating with clients/ suppliers. The flow of finances Since goods flow from the supplier to the customer, money flows from the customer to the supplier of raw materials. After the products are delivered to the customer, invoice is given to the customer and payment is received. It is the responsibility of the company to handle the invoice related disputes. There are certain challenges related to financial flow that the company encounters: unpredictable cash flows due to delay in information, high Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) due to delay in reconciliation of invoices, slow processing of finances due to manual operations etc. The company captures the financial transactions and invoice related data electronically. Thus it is important to establish reliable methods of payment and have an estimate regarding inflow and outflow of finances. Timely payments should be made to suppliers and employees of the company. Return product flow It takes into consideration the flow of goods from customer to supplier for the purpose of repair due to damage, replacement due to major defects/ problems in packing, disposal, recycling etc. There are certain problems related to reverse flow of goods. The transportation cost involved with reverse flow of goods is very high. Following are the reasons associated with reverse flow: Damaged/ defective/ unwanted products are sent back. Products that are near expiry are returned. Products are recalled due to safety issues. This generally happens in pharmaceutical and automotive industry. Products that can be recycled like ink cartridges, containers, bottles etc. move in reverse direction. All leading manufacturers have designed closed loop supply chains designed while keeping both- forward and reverse flows in mind. Following are some of the ways to manage reverse flow of products: Manufacturing high quality products and ensuring quality checks before transportation of goods. Negotiate a price for products that are returned and then resold to another customer A company should track the following metrics in order to analyze the reverse logistics- cycle time for return/ replacement, number of returned products sold/ reclaimed, percentage of products recycled that were received in reverse logistics etc. Diagram 1: Different flows involved in supply chain management Diagram 2: Reverse flow of products in SCM Recommended improvements F N Pte Limited should choose its suppliers of raw materials very carefully. There should be proper quality check measures taken by F N Pte Limited before the goods are transported to their destinations. This will help to keep a check on return flow of goods due to defect in product, sub-standard quality of product or faulty packaging (Van Belle, 2015). This will help to save a lot time and money that is spent on managing reverse flow of goods. There should be a proper mechanism for returning the defective goods. There should be no overlapping of communication related to information exchange. The Make Process Two types of SCM software are used by companies- applications for planning and applications for execution. Applications for planning make use of algorithms that determine the best possible way to complete an order. Applications for execution are used to track the status of materials and manage them. Following are the five basic steps involved in Supply Chain Management: Planning- Certain metrics are defined in order to monitor the efficiency of Supply Chain Management and maintain the quality of products delivered to the customers. Sourcing- Choice of the supplier should be made carefully. A supplier should be chosen who delivers quality raw materials without any delay and at a reasonable price (Lockamy McCormack, 2004). Making- This stage involves manufacturing of goods. A proper schedule needs to be made for production, packaging and delivery of goods. Delivering- A proper network of warehouses and distributors needs to be maintained. There has to be a proper invoicing mechanism for collection of payments. Returning- A company needs to maintain a proper mechanism for the return of defective or sub-standard goods (Sui, Gosavi, Lin, 2010). MRP (Manufacturing Resource Planning) is a part of SCM. It helps to determine the product needs and set timelines for the manufacturing and delivery of goods in response to a change in product price/ features/ composition, market conditions, and promotional techniques. With the help of MRP, companies try to maintain minimum levels of inventory. F N Pte Limited uses Make to Stock (MTS) manufacturing technique. The products are manufactured on the basis of forecasting. This it is very important to have techniques for accurate forecasting. It helps in spreading the production schedules in an evenly manner which further helps in maximizing the effectiveness and efficiency. Following are the elements of production planning and control: Materials- Raw materials and finished goods should be readily available at the required time and required quantity. The procurement of raw material, delivery dates of materials according to specifications and standardization of products should be taken care of for uninterrupted production. Machinery and equipment- This includes production schedules, procurement maintenance of machines and downtime of machinery. It should be ensured that there is minimum downtime due to breakdown of machinery. Routing- It is concerned with determining a path that should be followed for the transformation of raw materials to finished goods. A lay out needs to be prepared for the sequence of operations that need to be undertaken. Each operation is defined in detail and process time is decided for each operation. Loading and scheduling- Date and time is decided for the commencement and completion of each operation. Planning is done regarding material, manpower and machine time so that the operations can be completed within given timelines. The machines are loaded depending upon their capacity. Dispatching- This is the phase where necessary orders and instructions are issued. It marks the commencement of production activities. Materials are issued to different processes and instructions are given to workers. Inspection and follow up- The main objective of inspection is to ensure that the quality standards are being met for the products. It is carried out at different stages of production. Diagram 3: Different elements involved in production planning and control F N Pte Limited makes use of Aggregate Production Planning (APP). It helps to determine the inventory, manpower and production level to meet the fluctuating market demands over a period of 6 months to 18 months. It gives a fair idea of the resources needed and the cost of production. This technique helps to reduce the variable cost of production and the wait time for the customers. Recommended improvements Thus, in order to improve efficiency, proper schedules for manufacturing, packaging and delivery should be made. The company should follow the strategy of Just In Time (JIT), which will help in reducing inventory cost and increasing efficiency. Choice of supplier should be made on the basis of reputation of the supplier, quality of raw materials supplied to the company and flexibility in supply scheduled in case of emergencies. Upper management should take decisions regarding long-term targets, promotional activities keeping the competitive environment in mind. Supply Chain Forecasting Forecasting can be defined as the process of predicting the future on the basis making an analysis of past data and establishing trends. Diagram 4: Different methods used for demand forecasting F N Pte Limited uses the following forecasting techniques to prevent out of stock or over stock: Qualitative forecasting- It is based on judgment and intuition. For example, when a new product is launched, sales for the first quarter are forecasted using qualitative techniques. Expert opinion- The experts from different departments are made to sit together and are asked to share their opinions. On the basis of current trends, their knowledge, and past experience, they give their opinion on future demands. Delphi method- This method solves the problem of face to face confrontation (which leads to several internal conflicts). A questionnaire is sent to respondents. The respondents are asked to write their responses on a piece of paper and the responses are kept anonymous (Priem Swink, 2012). Salesforce method- It is a method of predicting sales on the basis of the opinion given by the sales force of an organization. This method is used because the sales people have the maximum interaction with the customers and on the basis of this interaction, they can make an estimate of future sales. They have a good knowledge of customer needs/ preferences and market conditions. The management of a company can improve the prediction of the sales force by giving them a proper training to make a judgment on the basis of their customer interactions and giving them incentives for accurate forecasting of future sales. They should be given updates on changes in government policies, changes in competitor strategies, the presence of dealers in the market etc. for making better forecasts (Mishra, Deshmukh, Vrat, 2002). Quantitative forecasting- It is based on the past data trends are used to predict future demands. These techniques are useful only when numerical data for past months/years is available and data patterns are expected to remain the same in future. Graphical method- All the data for previous months/ years is plotted in the form of a graph. Trends and patterns are observed on the basis of the graph. Those trends and patterns are used to predict the demands for future. Moving average method- In this method, future value is equal to the mean of the previous data values. MONTH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 DEMAND 23K 29K 33K 40K 41K 43K 49K If moving average is calculated for 2 months, then MA for 7th month (m7) = (43+49)/2= 46 Thus forecast for the 8th month= Moving Average for 7th month= 46K Life cycle method- Demand for a product is influenced by its stage in its life cycle (Pagell Wu, 2006). Stages of product life cycle need to be kept in mind while making demand forecasts. A product is said to go through four stages: Introduction, Growth, Maturity and Decline. Keeping in mind the product line for F N Pte Limited, qualitative forecasting should be preferred as they are introducing many new products in the market. Sales force method will be the most effective method for forecasting demand for its products. They have a good knowledge of customer needs/ preferences and market conditions. The management of a company can improve the prediction of sales force by giving them incentives for accurate forecasting of future sales. Conclusion Since there are changes in product design, composition, marketing etc., the forecasting tools should take these factors into consideration and also take into account the geographical variations and different product categories (Pagell Wu, 2006). On the basis of demand forecasts, F N Pte Limited should streamline the four flows involved in supply chain management and design their make process. Benchmarking needs to be done in terms of techniques used for the production of goods and the quality of goods. Quality of products and value for money plays a significant role in the success of a company. Decisions should be taken at various levels of management regarding levels of production, target customers, requirement/ transportation of materials and distribution network. The ultimate aim of the company should be to have the right products in the right quantity at the right place. Improved production planning and control will result in the following benefits: Better inventory management- It will result in optimization of inventory requirement and deployment. This will lead to less wastage due to spoilage of inventory. Improved manufacturing efficiency and customer service- It will reduce last-minute modifications, chaos, and better manufacturing schedules. This will result in better availability of products and lesser chances of stock-outs. References Bag, S. (2016). Flexible procurement systems is key to supply chain sustainability.Journal Of Transport And Supply Chain Management,10(1). Carmignani, G. (2009). Supply chain and quality management.Business Process Mgmt Journal,15(3), 395-407. Fraser and Neave, Limited. (2016).Fraserandneave.com. Retrieved 22 July 2016, from https://www.fraserandneave.com/ Kashmanian, R. (2015). Building a Sustainable Supply Chain: Key Elements.Environmental Quality Management,24(3), 17-41. Kudowicz, P., Witkowski, K., Vidov, H. (2013). Modelling value stream flows in the enterprise supply chain.Management,17(2). Lockamy, A. McCormack, K. (2004). The development of a supply chain management process maturity model using the concepts of business process orientation.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,9(4), 272-278. Mishra, S., Deshmukh, S., Vrat, P. (2002). Matching of technological forecasting technique to a technology.Technological Forecasting And Social Change,69(1), 1-27. Moschuris, S. (2007). Triggering Mechanisms in Make-or-Buy Decisions: An Empirical Analysis.The Journal Of Supply Chain Management,43(1), 40-49. Munoz, A., Coltman, T., Spedding, T. (2014). Performance Metric Utility in a Make-to-Forecast Process Industry Supply Chain (WITHDRAWN).Academy Of Management Proceedings,2014(1), 13067-13067. Pagell, M. Wu, Z. (2006). Enhancing integration of supply chain functions within a firm: exploring the critical factors through eleven cases.International Journal Of Integrated Supply Management,2(4), 295. Priem, R. Swink, M. (2012). A Demand-side Perspective on Supply Chain Management.J Supply Chain Manag,48(2), 7-13. Sui, Z., Gosavi, A., Lin, L. (2010). A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Inventory Replenishment in Vendor-Managed Inventory Systems With Consignment Inventory.Engineering Management Journal,22(4), 44-53. Van Belle, D. (2015). Inventory Management.Acta Hortic., (1085), 333-334. Van Swol, L. (2011). Forecasting anothers enjoyment versus giving the right answer: Trust, shared values, task effects, and confidence in improving the acceptance of advice.International Journal Of Forecasting,27(1), 103-120. Vedel, M. Ellegaard, C. (2013). Supply risk management functions of sourcing intermediaries: an investigation of the clothing industry.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,18(5), 509-522. Zhang, J. Chen, J. (2014). Information sharing in a make-to-stock supply chain.JIMO,10(4), 1169-1189.